The Density of the Earth

In my previous two posts, I described how the ancient Greek Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the Earth by an observation of shadows on the summer solstice in 200 BCE and how English scientist Henry Cavendish calculated the mass of the Earth from a simple torsion balance in the late 1700s.  Go and read them here and here if you haven't already.

Once you know the mass and size of the Earth you can calculate its density.

Density (abbreviated with the Greek letter rho - r), is mass per unit volume (g/cm³ or kg/m³ are common units).  Imagine a block of steel and a block of cheese the same size.  The steel will weigh more and thus have a higher density (steel is about 8 times the density of cheese!).

Steel vs. cheddar cheese (not quite the same size)

So what is the density of the Earth?  Well, let's start with the circumference of the Earth which Eratosthenes has shown can be measures.  We'll use an average value of 40,075 km.  From this, we need to calculate the volume of the Earth.  The formula for the volume of a sphere is:

   V = (4/3) p r³

and the radius (r) is:

   r = C / 2 p

Substituting yields:

   V = (4/3) p (C/2p)³

Simplifying and solving:

   V = C³ / 6 p² = (40,075 km)³ / 6 p² = 1 x 10¹² km³

What about the mass of the Earth?  Well that was calculated by Cavendish and we can use the modern value of 6 x 10²⁴ kg.

Now finding the density is easy (don't even need a calculator):

   r = m / V = (6 x 10²⁴ kg / 1 x 10¹² km³) = 6 x 10¹² kg/km³

This rather nicely converts to 6 g/cm³ (a more exact modern value is 5.515 g/cm³).

So the average density of the Earth is about 5.5 g/cm³.   This poses a problem, however.  It turns out that the average density of crustal rocks is around 2.7 g/cm³ (the density of the mineral quartz which is a major constituent of many rocks).  So where is all this extra mass coming from to give this higher density?

It turns out that the center of the Earth has an iron core.  Iron has a high enough density (over 7 g/cm³) to bring the average density of the Earth up to its calculated value.

Even though we've never directly sampled the core of the Earth, there is other evidence to support the hypothesis of an iron core.  These include the fact that iron is an abundant element in the solar system (ever hear of iron meteorites?), the speed of seismic waves through the core match what's predicted for it being composed of iron, and we have a magnetic field that's generated by the movement of liquid iron in the outer part of the core.

It's pretty cool how an ancient Greek, an 18^th century British scientist, and our knowledge of the interior of the Earth are all part of an interrelated story.